Home > Published Issues > 2024 > Volume 19, No. 8, 2024 >
JCM 2024 Vol.19(8): 389-410
DOI: 10.12720/jcm.19.8.389-410

Energy Efficient Routing for Internet-of-Things Based Agriculture in Rural Areas

Mohammed Khomeini Bin Abu1,*, Paulson Eberechukwu Numan2, Kamaludin Mohamad Yusof1, Mohamad Kamal Bin A. Rahim1, Mohamad Rijal Bin Hamid1, and Shaik Mazhar Hussain2,*,
1Faculty of Electrical Engineering, University Teknologi Malaysia, Malaysia
2Department of Computing and Electronics, Middle East College, Muscat, Oman
Email: mkhomeini2@graduate.utm.my (M.K.B.A.); enpaulson2@hanyang.ac.kr (P.E.N.); kamalmy@utm.my (K.M.Y.); mdkamal@utm.my (M.K.B.A.R.); rijal@utm.my (M.R.B.H.); mazhar@mec.edu.om (S.M.H.)
*Corresponding author

Manuscript received April 15, 2024; revised May 25, 2024; accepted June 14, 2024; published August 20, 2024.

Abstract—In the last few years, IoT routing has been a daunting job for researchers. This is a difficulty because traditional routing algorithms are not appropriate for IoT-based sensor systems. Near the sink, the nodes absorbed more energy and died. This leads the network to be split, which limits the network’s existence. The sensor node is mainly constrained by energy. The sensors are electronic equipment operated by the battery. In certain systems, it is impossible to substitute the batteries. The greater packet transfer would bring more tension to the battery-powered nodes, and the entire existence of the network would be impacted. IoT networks have no defined and extremely complex infrastructures. The complex infrastructure is responsible for storage; the sensor nodes have insufficient battery energy. Algorithms for energy-conscious routing have demonstrated a significant decrease in electricity use. IoT thus requires a protocol to route effectively. This research proposes an original efficient routing mechanism for IoT networks. The aim of the research lies in designing a modified Open Shortest Path First (OSPF) routing algorithm that is energy efficient. We have modified OSPF to give preference to healthier paths based on the criteria of the total energy available on the path, the path length, and the avoidance of critical nodes. The proposed methodology was evaluated through extensive simulations conducted in a real-world setting on the Johor Bahru UTM campus, covering an area of approximately 1 square kilometer with a roughly rectangular shape. The results demonstrated significant improvements in energy efficiency and network longevity.
 

Keywords—Industry 4.0 (IR4.0), Internet of Things (IoT), Smart agriculture, rural network, sensor network


Cite: Mohammed Khomeini Bin Abu, Paulson Eberechukwu Numan, Kamaludin Mohamad Yusof, Mohamad Kamal Bin A. Rahim, Mohamad Rijal Bin Hamid, and Shaik Mazhar Hussain, “Energy Efficient Routing for Internet-of-Things Based Agriculture in Rural Areas," Journal of Communications, vol. 19, no. 8, pp. 389-410, 2024.

 

Copyright © 2024 by the authors. This is an open access article distributed under the Creative Commons Attribution License (CC BY-NC-ND 4.0), which permits use, distribution and reproduction in any medium, provided that the article is properly cited, the use is non-commercial and no modifications or adaptations are made.