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JCM 2025 Vol.20(1): 54-61
Doi: 10.12720/jcm.20.1.54-61

Optimization of Energy Efficiency for B5G under Heterogeneous Networks under NOMA Scenario

Almahdi Ababneh1, Nor Fadzilah Abdullah1,2*, Asma’ Abu Samah1,2, and Rosdiadee Nordin3,
1Department of Electrical, Electronics and Systems Engineering, Faculty of Engineering and Built Environment, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia, 43600 Bangi, Selangor, Malaysia
2Wireless Research @UKM, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia, 43600 Bangi, Selangor, Malaysia
3Department of Engineering, School of Engineering and Technology, Sunway University, Bandar Sunway, 47500 Petaling Jaya, Selangor, Malaysia
Email: Almahdiababneh@gmail.com (A.A.); fadzilah.abdullah@ukm.edu.my (N.F.A.); Asma@ukm.edu.my (A.A.S.); rosdiadeen@sunway.edu.my (R.N.)
*Corresponding author

Manuscript received October 13, 2024; revised December 10, 2024; accepted December 27, 2024; published February 24, 2025.

Abstract—Beyond Fifth-Generation (B5G) wireless technologies, Heterogeneous Networks (HetNets) are anticipated to rely heavily on Non-Orthogonal Multiple Access (NOMA). The combination of HetNets design with the advantages of NOMA might greatly boost cellular network performance. Inspired by these opportunities, this paper provides an energy-efficient optimization strategy for NOMA-enabled HetNets that promotes effective cellular devices. To solve non-convex optimization for the NOMAenabled HetNets scheme, low complexity Alternating Direction Method of Multipliers (ADMM) algorithm has been used to convert the optimization of energy efficiency for HetNets to three main sub-problems. Results show that there is a 30% gain in energy efficiency when double cellular devices. On the other hand, there is 44.7% in energy efficiency gain when double small cell BS.

Keywords—heterogeneous networks, Non-Orthogonal Multiple Access (NOMA), energy efficiency, alternating direction method of multipliers


Cite: Almahdi Ababneh, Nor Fadzilah Abdullah, Asma’ Abu Samah, and Rosdiadee Nordin, “Optimization of Energy Efficiency for B5G under Heterogeneous Networks under NOMA Scenario," Journal of Communications, vol. 20, no. 1, pp. 54-61, 2025.


Copyright © 2025 by the authors. This is an open access article distributed under the Creative Commons Attribution License which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited (CC BY 4.0).

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